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Example 8.4.4 (a): Taylor Series

Find the Taylor series centered at c = 0 for f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4. Then find Tf(x, 1). Confirm that Tf(x, 0) = Tf(x, 1) for all x.

To find a Taylor series we need to find for the given function at the specified center. First, let's find the various derivatives:

c=0 c=1
f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4 f(0) = 4 f(1) = 10
f '(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 3 f '(0) = 3 f '(1) = 10
f ''(x) = 6x + 4 f ''(0) = 4 f ''(1) = 10
f '''(x) = 6 f '''(0) = 6 f '''(1) = 6
f (n)(x) = 0, n > 3 f (n)(0) = 0 f (n)(1) = 0

Now we can put together the Taylor series, which in this case will reduce to finite polynomials since f (n)(x) = 0 for n > 3:

Tf(x, 0) = 4 + 3/1! x + 4/2! x2 + 6/6! x3 =
     = 4 + 3x + 2x2 + x3

In other words, Tf(x, 0) is the original polynomial. For our second Taylor series we get

Tf(x, 1) = 10 + 10/1! (x-1) + 10/2! (x-1)2 + 6/6! (x-1)3 =
     = 10 + 10(x-1) + 5(x-1)2 + (x-1)3

But

Tf(x, 1) = 10 + 10(x-1) + 5(x-1)2 + (x-1)3 =
     = 10 + 10x - 10 + 5x2 -10x + 5 + x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 1 =
     = 10 - 10 + 5 - 1 + 10x - 10x + 3x + 5x2 - 3x2 + x3 =
     = 4 + 3x + 2x2 + x3
so that indeed Tf(x, 0) = Tf(x, 1) for all x.
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