Twentieth Century Russia
Professor Knight
Outline #11

	The Great Turn: Collectivization and Industrialization

I. The Crisis of NEP--1927
	Return of the "price scissors"
	War Scare
	Defense Week (August 1927)
	Goods Famine
	Requisitions Crisis
	Extraordinary measures (Ural-Siberian method)

II. The Right Opposition
	Bukharin (Editor of Pravda) 
	Rykov (Head of Moscow Party Organization), Tomsky (Trade Union Leader)
	Stalin as "Genghis Khan" (Bukharin)
	Stalin Supporters
		Viacheslav Molotov
		Lazar Kaganovich

III.  Collectivization
	Kolkhoz--collective farm
		peasants cultivate land in common
		share profits after fulfillment of state obligations.
	Sovkhoz--state farms, peasants work as wage laborers, state keeps profits.
	MTS (Machine Tractor Stations) provide technology to collective farms.
	"Wholesale Collectivization" (Approved fall 1929)
	Stalin's speeches: 	Nov. 7, 1929, "The Year of the Great Turn"
				Dec. 27, "Liquidation of the Kulaks as a Class"
				March 2, 1930, "Dizzy with Success."
	25,000ers (workers mobilized to carry out collectivization)
	Razkulachivanie (dekulakization)
	Peasant Resistance.
		Slaughter of Livestock
		"Bab'ye bunty"--Women's rebellions
	"Trudodni" (Labor days)
	Internal Passports
	The famine of 1933
	1937-38, Collectivization declared complete.

IV. Industrialization
	Lenin's motto--"Communism = Electrification plus Soviet Power."
	1926--Recovery to pre-war levels complete
	First Five Year Plan (1929-1932)
	Stalin's motto--"No Fortresses the Bolsheviks Cannot Conquer."

	Production plans:
	Existing level		"Optimal" plan	Stalin's target
	Coal:  	35 million tons 	75 million tons	105 million tons
	Oil:	11.7  "      "         	21.7  "      "    	55      " 	  "
	Iron:  	3.2    "      " 	10     "      "	16      "	  "

	Sixteenth Party Congress (1930) Fulfill the Five Year Plan in Four Years.
	Regional Competition--Urals vs Ukraine
	Military imperatives:  Stalin (1931) "Soviet Union will not be beaten"
	Sources of Capital:
		Gold and precious metals
		Torgsin (special stores to buy valuables from population)
		Natural resources
		Cultural Treasures
		Counterfeiting?
	Decline in living standards
	Inflation
	Elimination of "egalitarianism" (1931)
	Harsh labor discipline
	White Sea Canal--Use of forced labor, celebrated by writers.

V.  The "Cultural Revolution:"
	"Wreckers,"  "Saboteurs."
	Shakhty trials (1928)
	Industrial Party (1930)
	Toiling Peasants Party (1930)	
	RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers)
	League of The Militant Godless
	Upward Mobility