Imperial Russia
Outline #13
Professor Knight

The Crimean War and the Roots of the Great Reforms

I.  The Crimean War
	European Industrial Revolution
	The Ottoman Empire:  The “Sick Man of Europe”
		Greeks win independence (late 1820s)
		Egyptian nationalism movement:  Mohammed Ali
		Control over the Dardannelles
	Dispute with France over control holy sites in Jerusalem
	War breaks out between Russia and Turkey—1853
	Britain, France, Sardinia join in support of Turkey—1854
	Austria remains neutral—leads toward allies
	The Rifled Musket
	Siege of Sevastopol
	Inadequate supplies
		Lack of Rail support
	February 15, 1855—Nicholas I dies
	The Peace of Paris, 1856

II.  Post-war Dilemmas
	How to modernize and keep system in place
	What to do about Serfdom?
	Emancipation with or without land?
	Zakonnost’ (legality)

III.  Alexander II and his advisors
	Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich
	Enlightened Bureaucrats:  Nikolai and Dmitrii Miliutin
		Russian Geographical Society
	Iakov Rostovtsev—Elder Statesman

IV.  The Opening to Society
	Glasnost
	The Naval Ethnographic Expeditions
	Morskoi sbornik
	March 30, 1856—Alexander’s speech to Moscow Nobility
		“End serfdom from above before peasants do it from below”
	Nazimov Rescript:  Nov. 1857
		Provincial nobles instructed to form committees