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Archeology & Christianity
(CAST 3290, CLAS 3290, ARCH 3290)
Wed 5:45-
8:15 Cotter
If enrolled, E-Mail immediately to cottereu@shu.edu
Your Name, address(es), phone(s), year, major
Texts (Bookstore)
Joseph Kelly, The World of the Early Christians (Liturgical Pr
Collegeville 1997)
Claude Moatti, The Search for Ancient Rome (Harry Abrams 1993)
J. Stevenson, The Catacombs,
(Thames & Hudson 1976)
G. A. Williamson (tr), Eusebius, The History of the Church (Penguin,
rev 1989)
Early
Christian Writers (Penguin)
============================================================
Web Sites - History
- Inscriptions - Chronology
Maps - Resources - Councils - Bibliography
COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction -
Archeology:
an introduction to and survey of the discipline.
Learning
to Read Rome's Ruins
I. Methods - Sources
II. CHRONOLOGY
From origins of Christian
civilization in the midst of the Greco-Roman world,
to the 6th century, the Early Chistian Period.
III. TOPOGRAPHY - Rome - the Roman World
IV. OBJECT OF CHRISTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY.
1. Early Christian Cemeteries
2. Christian Art
3. Christian Inscriptions
4. Early Church Buildings.
_________________________________________________________
PART ONE - EARLY CHRISTIAN CEMETERIES
I. Roman Laws, Customs, Formalities, & Monuments for Burial.
(See Lanciani's text, below)
The
Roman Funeral: from the Twelve Tables
Roman Funerals
(brief)
II. Early Christian Cemeteries in Rome
Introduction - the Christian idea of
death.
Documents
Art of the Catacombs - Overview
Callistus
(Crypt of the Popes, Crypt of St.Cecelia,
Lucina)
Priscilla (Acilii)
Domitilla
St. Sebastian
Tomb of Peter
III. Elsewhere
PART TWO - ICONOGRAPHY
Frescoes
Sarcophagi
Mosaics
Minor Arts
PART THREE - EARLY CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTIONS
[pagan]
Latin
Greek (chi/rho)
PART FOUR - EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH BUILDINGS
Cenacula
Domus Ecclesiae
Basilicas
CONCLUSION
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Web Sites
BACKGROUND (See also History,
below)
Christian
Origins: Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Sources - Early Church - Emergence of Theologies - Early
Christian Art
"Triumph" of the Church - Modern Perspectives on Early
Christianity
Early
Christianity (PBS Series) - Synopsis: Overview
of the Series
Jesus
Testimony (i.e., Use Links listed on this pg under "Testimony"
)
Also: Crucifixion - Jesus as Rabbi -
Parables - Genealogy
Portrait of Jesus
World Testimony (Use Links listed...)
Also: Myth of Masada - Religion in Roman
World
Biblical Archaeology - Dead Sea Scrolls
- Essenes
(audio)
The Authors Testimony (Use Links listed...)
Also: Overview:
the 4 canonical Gospels; "Gospel
of Mary Magdalene"
"Q", the
"Gospel
of Thomas"- The
Gnostic "Gospels"
The First Christians
Testimony (Use Links listed...)
Also: Map of Paul's Communities - Women
in Ancient Christianity
Jewish Scriptures - Ruins of
Corinth (audio) - Catacombs
(brief, Images)
Map - Archaeology -
Chronology - Sources Testimony (Use Links listed...)
Why Did Christianity
Succeed? Testimony (Use Links listed...)
Also: Excerpts from a Sociologist's essay.
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CATACOMBS
The Christian Catacombs of
Rome
Introduction
- History - Map
Description - Symbols - Importance
Interactive Maps of the Catacombs
Cath. Ency: "catacombs"
I. Position - II. History - III.
Inscriptions - IV. Paintings
V. Sarcophagi - VI. Small Objects Found in the Catacombs
VII. Catacombs outside Rome.
The Catacomb Society: Links
to many sites
More "Catacomb" WebSites
The Catacombs of Rome - Overview
Art - Archeology - Bible
History - Inscriptions - Religion
Catacombs
(1 page, 4 images)
Catacombs of St.
Callixtus
A first glance at the catacombs.
Catacombs
of St. Callixtus
Crypt of the Popes - Crypt of St.
Cecilia
Cubicles of the
Sacraments - Other Areas
Catacomb
of Priscilla (Images)
"Cappella Greca" - Oldest image
of Mary
Cubiculum of Velata - Good Shepherd - a corridor (gallery)
Catacomb of Domitilla (extensive)
Flavia Domitilla (Cath.Ency)
Catacomb
of St. Sebastian
text & images.
S.
Tecla Catacomb
Skull
in situ - image
MAP of the
Catacomb
Others:
Catacombs of St. Paul
& St. Agatha (Malta)
information and photos
Catacomb at Wignacourt Museum
(Rabat, Malta)
recently discovered
Catacomb at Tal-Mintna
(Malta)
Xarolla Catacomb
(Malta)
agora, discovered 1994
Tomb Types in Roman Malta
The Cross in Roman Burials in
Malta
(these pages belong to Anton Bugeja.)
Glossary
of Terms re: Catacombs
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Inscriptions
Ancient
Graffiti in the Roman Catacombs
Brief article, L'Osservatore Romano, English ed.
Latin
Epigraphy:
Do-It-Yourself Course in 3 Steps, from Bill Thayer.
(Use the Links to see all the Pages, including solutions)
Graffiti (Cath.Ency.,brief)
Early Christian Inscriptions
(Cath.Ency.)
Abbreviations in Latin
Inscriptions
Epitaph of Abercius (c.150 A.D.)
Epitaph of Abercius (Cath. Ency.)
Symbolism of the Fish (Cath.
Ency.)
Rome:
"Antonia" epitaph (Gk/Latin)
Rome:
Arch of Constantine Inscription
Rome: Inscriptions in S. Lorenzo in
Lucina
Milan:
Menorah in a Jewish inscription
Inscriptions in Israel:
clickable map.
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ART & ARCHITECTURE
Art
& Architecture: Misc
Images
Art
Ecclesiastical Art: Origins of Christian
Art (Cath.Ency.)
Sarcophagus
of Junius Bassus
Architecture
Ecclesiastical
Architecture (Cath.Ency.)
Ecclesiastical
Buildings (Cath.Ency.)
Basilica (Cath.Ency.)
The
Early Christian Basilica
(comprehensive, with images)
Dura-Europos
Baptistry
- (another image)
Map
of Dura
The
Synagogue
Constantinian
Architcture
Basilica
(Cath. Ency.)
Transept
Apse
Narthex
Atrium
Facade
Cantharus
or Phiala
In Rome
San Giovanni Laterano (Begun
313)
Plan
- interior,
C4 (from a C16 painting)
Old Basilica of St. Peter - 3
images
Drawing:
C16 St. Peters's, Circus of Nero, & Pagan Necropolis
Old
St. Peter's: Plan
Old
St. Peter's: Reconstruction of the apse & tropaion of Constantine.
(See below also)
St. Peter and Rome
The Bones of Peter? -
objective,
dispassionate view
Tropaion
Petri - over the grave (image)
Philip Hughes: History of the
Church
Note B, on
"Peter in Rome"
Was Peter Ever in Rome?
- "Trial" transcript, controvesy.
St. Peter at the
Vatican? - an atheist's view.
St.
Peter: 100 years ago (Cath.Ency.)
Was Peter in
Rome?
Peter in
Rome: the historical
evidence
Churches of Rome (general)
St. Clement
St. Clement
St. Paul's Outside
the Walls
St. John Lateran
St. John Lateran
Lateran
Baptistery
St. Mary Major
Sts. John & Paul
St. Lorenzo in fonte
St. Peter's (C16)
More
Churches of Rome
(scroll down: each image a link)
Rome:
S.
Sabina & Doors (Bill Thayer - images)
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Jerusalem
Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre
(Main page)
links to: An Introduction
Topographical description of the region of Golgotha
From
quarry to Garden (IVth cent. BC - 135 AD)
A
temple to the Roman gods (135-335 AD)
Unearthing the Garden of Golgotha (335 AD)
The
Byzantine monument at the Garden of Golgotha (335 AD)
A
Period of Glory (335-614 AD)
Egeria (IV cent)
Liturgy of Jerusalem according to Egeria (IV cent)
The
Life of Emperor Constantine
The first destructions and reconstructions (614 - 1009 AD)
The great destruction and its aftermath (1009 - 1099 AD)
The Crusader transformation (1099 - 1188 AD)
A period of decadence
The Christians at the door of the Holy Sepulchre
Christian Sion in
Jerusalem
1. The beginning of Christian
Sion in Jerusalem
2. Memories till the arrival of the Crusaders
3. From the Crusades to the Franciscans
4. Franciscan Sion
5. The first attempts against the Franciscans
6. The Franciscans forced out of Sion but return
7. Archaeological soundings around the Cenacle
Franciscan Archeological
Institute
Jerusalem: Virtual Tour
Jerusalem Gates -
Holy Sites -
Chagall Windows - Jerusalem mosaic
Vatican Museums - Museo
Pio Cristiano
The Christian Museum
(2pp, 15 images)
========================================================
Rudolph Lanciani's Pagan and Christian Rome (Web-enhanced)
A case study in Late Antiquity by a Master Topographer
Chapter
3 - the oldest Christian
churches of the city of Rome.
Lanciani was a late 19c archeologist who wrote several fascinating
and very readable books on the Roman world and its persistence.
Chapter 5 - Papal tombs.
Chapter
6 - the mechanics of ancient funerals.
Chapter
7 - Christian cemeteries in Rome.
(This Classic is a Must
to explore)
======================================================================= MAPS Spread of
Christianity down to 180 A.D.
Spread of
Christianity C2-C4 A.D.
(interactive - (requires ShockWave
plug-in - click to get)
Map
of Israel, C1 A.D.
The Jewish Diaspora
C1 A.D.
Roman
Empire (clickable
for images, info)
Roman World C2 A.D.
Rome
Empire: Trade Routes C1 A.D.
Roman World:
urbanization & roads (clickable)
Constantinople:
urban growth to C5.
Map Series: Roman Empire
(Click on
individual periods)
Maps of the
City of Rome
(Series -may be 'down')
Interactive
Maps of the Catacombs
Map
of the Roman Catacombs
Maps: Biblical
==================================================================
HISTORY
Christian Origins:
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Sources - Early Church - Emergence of Theologies - Early
Christian Art
"Triumph" of the Church - Modern Perspectives on Early
Christianity
Peters'
Successors: texts
Dating the Oldest
N.T. Mss
How do we know these manuscripts are so
very early?
Jesus of Nazareth in Early Christian
"Gospels".
Philip Hughes: History of
the Church
Vol. 1, Ch.2, Note B on "Peter
in Rome"
Index to the
3 volumes.
Eusebius: The History of the Church
Eusebius: Cath. Ency.
Eusebius: Life of Constantine
Oration to the Assembly of the Saints
Oration in Praise of Constantine
The Gospels as Historical Sources for
Jesus
Early Historical Documents on Jesus Pagan, Jewish, Christian
Josephus: Antiquities
of the Jews
(complete work)
Hall of Church History
(an 'impartial' source)
The Church Fathers
The
Catholics - from Council of Trent on
The Heretics
Britain
Essay:
1st Christians in Britain
-------------------
Christians
& The Roman State
The
Persecutions
Christianity
in Crete
================================================
RESOURCES
The Ecole
Initiative:
Hypertext Encyclopedia of Early Church
History
Documents
- Translations of
Judæo-Christian and Islamic Primary Sources to 1500.
Glossary
- Short Essays on Numerous
Topics
Articles
- Long Essays on
Major Topics and Figures
Images
- Judæo-Christian Iconography and Religious Art
Hundreds of links to images stored at
various places on the World-Wide Web.
Chronology
- Timeline with
Geographical Cross-Index
Christian
Late Antiquity: Selected Sources
1. Early
Christianity After 100
Ancient History
Sourcebook
for extensive texts on Christian origins.
Pliny the Younger: Letter on the Christians.
Justin Martyr: Second Apology [Dialogue
with Trypho]
2. Persecution of
Christians
The
Martyrdom of Polycarp ,
2nd C.
The Letter of the Churches of
Vienna and Lyons
to the
Churches of Asia
and Phrygia, including the story of the Blessed Blandina.
Perpetua: The
Passion of SS. Perpetua and Felicity,
See also Cath Ency:
Sts. Felicitas and
Perpetua;
and
Peter
Dronke's Discussion of Perpetua
Perpetua: The
Passion of SS. Perpetua and Felicity, 203,
excerpts.
Transcript: Martyrdom of Perpetua &
Felicity
Brief
Excerpt from the Trial.
Martyrdom of
Perpetua
& Felicitas
Eusebius: Eccl
History: The Martyrdom of St. Domnina & Her Daughters.
The
Passion of The Scillitan Martyrs.
The Passion
of Sergius and Bacchus
Deeds
of Zenophilus: How the Romans Tried to Seize Christian Books
395
Diocletian: Edicts of
Persecution.
3. The
"Triumph of the Church"
Eusebius: Ecclesiastical
History: conversion of Constantine.
See also Cath
Ency: Labarum (Chi-Rho)
Constantine
converts to Christianity
Eusebius:
Conversion of Constantine
(excerpt)
Edict of Galerius and the
"Edict of Milan",
311/313.
Constantine I: Laws for
Christians.
Constantine I: On the Keeping of
Easter.
Jews and the Later Roman
Law (315-531)
Laws by Constantine the Great, Constantius
(337-361),
Theodosius II (408-410), and
Justinian (527-565).
Julian
and the Jews
(361-363)
From Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History written about
443-450
Legislation Affecting
the Jews
(300-800)
Index to Roman, Western and canonical laws
Prayers
for Making a Synagogue into a Church,
in Latin.
From
the Liber Sacramentorum Romanae Ecclesiae
4. Persecution by
Christians/The End of Paganism
Theodosian
Code XVI.i.2: Banning of Other Religions,
379-395.
Theodosian Code: On
Religion
Zosimus: Historia
Nova.
Mark the Deacon: Life of Porphyry of Gaza, 5th C
fascinating account of the Christian destruction of Paganism in
Gaza.
A leading female philosopher, Hypatia was murdered by a Christian
mob
in Alexandria, urged on by St.
Cyril. See The Hypatia Page.
Three historical version's of Hypatia's murder are available, and useful
for comparative purposes:
Damascius: The Life of Hypatia,
from the Life of Isidore,
in The Suda.
Socrates Scholasticus: The Life of
Hypatia
John of Nikiu: The Life of
Hypatia.
5. Early Dogmatic
Disputes
Disputes over the Trinity: Arianism
A Chronology of
the Arian Controversy,
311-383
With the texts of the Ten Arian
Confessions.
The Nicene Creed.
See also
Cath Ency: Nicene Creed
Canons of the Council
of Nicea, 325.
See also Cath
Ency: Arianism
Alexander: Deposition of Arius.
Athanasius of Alexandria: Apologia Contra
Arianos.
Disputes over Christology: Nestorianism and
Monophysitism
Justinian: Dialogue
with Paul of Nisibis
6. The World of the Church
Fathers
Christian Classics
Ethereal Library
For many theological works, including entire contents of the Ante-Nicene
and Post Nicene Fathers series,
New Advent
Fathes of the Church
Another online version of the Ante-Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers series.
St. Vincent of Lerins: The
"Vincentian Canon", 434 AD
A classic definition of "orthodoxy".
Eastern Fathers
Gregory of Nyssa (c.335-d.c.395):
Life of Macrina
One of the most important lives of a
female saint (c.327-379)
Western Fathers
Augustine of Hippo (354-430): Confessions:His
Conversion.
See James O'Donnell's Augustine
Page
Ambrose of Milan (c.340-397): Ambrose:
Letter to Valentian II, 386,
defending the autonomy of the Church.
Ambrose of Milan (c.340-397): Ambrose: Letter
to Theodosius, 390,
rebuke for massacre.
Ambrose of Milan (c.340-397): Selected
Letters
Theodoret (c.393-466): St.
Ambrose Humiliates
Theodosius the Great,
from
Ecclesiastical History,
V.17-18
Ambrose:
The
Callinicum Riot; the "Christian Philo"
from the Jewish Encyclopedia.
Dispute Between
Symmachus and Ambrose.
Augustine of Hippo (354-430): On
Christian Doctrine,
available soon, The full text is available now
(from CCEL)
Augustine of Hippo: City of God
(excerpts).
7. Christianity and
Classical Learning
Origen (185?-254?): On Classical
Learning .
See also Cath Ency: Origen
and Origenism
Tertullian
(c.155/160-after 220):
On Pagan
Learning,
On the distinction between
"Athens" and "Jerusalem".
Jerome (374-419/20): On Classical
Literature.
the full text of these and others of Jerome's letters is available in HTML
as NPNF - Volume VI
-- St. Jerome: Letters and Select Works.
See also Cath Ency: Latin Literature
in Early Christianity
Boethius (c.480-524): Consolation of
Philosophy.
See also Cath
Ency: Boethius
Cassiodorus (490-c.585): On Classical Learning.
The Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL)
The Fathers
of the Church.
Recently Discovered Additions to Early Christian Literature;
Commentaries
of Origen
The Fathers of
the Church
Religious
Studies: Electronic Texts (Penn Library)
Early Church Documents:
A Guide
1. New Testament Canonical Information
2.
Writings of the Apostolic Fathers
3.
Patristic Texts
4.
Creeds and Canons
5.
Later Documents
6.
Related Documents
7.
Miscellaneous Texts
8.
Relevant Internet Sites
The Roman See - Primacy
(Cath.Ency.)
The Bones of Peter?
Guide to Christian
Resources on the Internet
Ancient Lands of the Bible -
information on the major countries of the Ancient Near East
Archaeology and the Bible
- a list of questions and
answers pertaining to
archaeological evidence related to Biblical events.
Bibical Archeology
- focus on people of the
Levant and other regions related to the biblical record.
Biblical Resources:
Archaeology of Ancient Cultures -
on one of four pages of general biblical
resources (Prof. Torrey Seland, of Volda College,
Norway).
Internet Resources for the
Study of Judaism and Christianity: Archaeology (Univ. of Penn)
Links to other Bible and
Archaeology Sites (Biblical
Archaeology Society)
Light On Archaeology - a summary of "the wealth
of information that has literally been unearthed
by the spades of patient, dedicated people which helps to confirm the
historical accuracy of the Bible".
Material Culture of the
Ancient Canaanites, Israelites, and Related Peoples:
An Information DataBase from Excavations
(Dr. Abercrombie, Univ of Penn / Brandeis University)
Scrolls from the Dead Sea:
The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship
( Library of Congress
exhibit)
Internet
Resources for the Study of Judaism & Christianity
Biblical Archeology:
Links to Resources
--------------------------
WorldWide
Encyclopedia of Christianity
The World Wide Encyclopedia of Christianity is a single
reference source
with links
to the contents of the Catholic Encyclopedia, Easton's Bible Dictionary,
Torrey's Topical
Textbook, and Elwell's Dictionary of Christian Theology.
Church History:
Glossary (search)
The
Ecole Glossary
Exploring
Ancient World Cultures:
Image Index
(Hagia Sophia - Ravenna)
EAWC:
Essay Index
EAWCEAWC:
Chronology (some images)
EAWC:
Internet Sites
ORB Encyclopedia -
Original Essays and Reprinted Articles.
General Introductions and Specialized Studies.
Ideology, Identity,
& Empire -
The New Testament Gateway
The
Bible and Archeology
The
Early Church - Patristics
The
Greek New Testament
Textual
Criticism
Gospels
& Acts of the Apostles
The
Historical Jesus
The Synoptic Problem
The Synoptic Problem concerns the
literary relationship between the first three
"synoptic" gospels of the
New Testament: Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
The Synoptic Problem Home Page
surveys proposed solutions and provides
a clearing-house for materials
related to its resolution.
Biblical
Archeologist, from ASOR
Non-Canonical & Early
Christianity Related Links
New Testament
Events/People: Non-Biblical Accounts
Josephus,
Tacitus, Pliny, Talmud, et al.
("objective")
Apocrypha (Cath. Ency)
Gospel
of Thomas
Cath. Ency., Apocrypha.
Letter of Lentulus -
description of Jesus? See evaluation at Apocrypha (above)
See also:
CathEncy
-------------------
Religious Painting.
Cath. Ency., Publius Lentulus, & Accounts of Christ: Hoaxes
-------------------
The
Demise of Paganism" - essay, James O'Donnell
The Splendors of
Christendom
World-wide Tour: Churches, Cathedrals, Monasteries.
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